2019-5-17  While this comment is a remarkably trollish response to a blog post meant to show you tidbits of our personal life, I had been meaning to give our readers more details on how simple it is to perform a test for ethanol content of gasoline.

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their (at 25 °C 77 °F, 100 kPa).N ( Y N?)Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is a, a simple with the C2H6O. Its formula can be also written as CH3− CH2− OH or C2H5 OH (an linked to a group), and is often as EtOH. Ethanol is a, colorless liquid with a slight characteristic odor. It is a and is the principal active ingredient found in.Ethanol is naturally produced by the of by or via processes, and is commonly consumed as a popular.

It also has medical applications as an. The compound is widely used as a, either for scientific chemical testing or in of other, and is a vital substance used across many different kinds of manufacturing industries.

Ethanol is also used as an alternative. Main article: Antiseptic Ethanol is used in medical wipes and most commonly in antibacterial gels as an for its bactericidal and anti-fungal effects.

Ethanol kills organisms by their and dissolving their and is effective against most and, and many. However, ethanol is ineffective against bacterial.

70% ethanol is the most effective concentration, particularly because of. – Absolute ethanol may inactivate microbes without destroying them because the alcohol is unable to fully permeate the microbe's membrane.

Ethanol can also be used as a disinfectant and antiseptic because it causes cell dehydration by disrupting the osmotic balance across cell membrane, so water leaves the cell leading to cell death. Antidote Ethanol may be administered as an to and poisoning. Medicinal solvent Ethanol, often in high concentrations, is used to dissolve many water-insoluble medications and related compounds. Liquid preparations of, and mouth washes, for example, may contain up to 25% ethanol and may need to be avoided in individuals with adverse reactions to ethanol such as.

Ethanol is present mainly as an antimicrobial preservative in over 700 liquid preparations of medicine including,. Pharmacology If ingested orally, ethanol is extensively metabolized by the liver, particularly via the. Ethyl alcohol increases the secretion of acids in the stomach. The metabolite is responsible for much of the short term, and long term effects of ethyl alcohol toxicity. Recreational. Main article: of some fuels compared with ethanol: Fuel typeMJ/LMJ/kg19.517.919.9108.721.226.8108.6(85% ethanol, 15% gasoline)25.233.210525.355(60% + 40% )26.850(high-octane gasoline, not jet fuel)33.546.8100/130 (lean/rich)(90% gasoline + 10% ethanol)33.747.193/94Regular gasoline/petrol34.844.4min.

91Premium gasoline/petrolmax. 10438.645.425, extruded5023The largest single use of ethanol is as an engine. In particular relies heavily upon the use of ethanol as an engine fuel, due in part to its role as one of the globe's leading producers of ethanol. Sold in Brazil contains at least 25% ethanol. Hydrous ethanol (about 95% ethanol and 5% water) can be used as fuel in more than 90% of new gasoline fueled cars sold in the country. Brazilian ethanol is produced from and noted for high.

The US and many other countries primarily use E10 (10% ethanol, sometimes known as gasohol) and E85 (85% ethanol) ethanol/gasoline mixtures. Grade ethanol for laboratory use.Ethanol has been used as and is currently in.Australian law limits the use of pure ethanol from sugarcane waste to 10% in automobiles. Older cars (and vintage cars designed to use a slower burning fuel) should have the engine valves upgraded or replaced.According to an industry, ethanol as a fuel reduces harmful of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and other ozone-forming pollutants. Analyzed greenhouse gas emissions of many different engine and fuel combinations, and found that /petrodiesel blend showed a reduction of 8%, conventional ethanol blend a reduction of 17% and 64%, compared with pure gasoline.Ethanol combustion in an internal combustion engine yields many of the products of incomplete combustion produced by gasoline and significantly larger amounts of and related species such as acetaldehyde.

This leads to a significantly larger photochemical reactivity and more. These data have been assembled into The Clean Fuels Report comparison of fuel emissions and show that ethanol exhaust generates 2.14 times as much ozone as gasoline exhaust. When this is added into the custom Localised Pollution Index (LPI) of The Clean Fuels Report, the local pollution of ethanol (pollution that contributes to smog) is rated 1.7, where gasoline is 1.0 and higher numbers signify greater pollution. The formalized this issue in 2008 by recognizing control standards for formaldehydes as an emissions control group, much like the conventional and Reactive Organic Gases (ROGs).World production of ethanol in 2006 was 51 gigalitres (1.3 ×10 10 US gal), with 69% of the world supply coming from Brazil and the United States. More than 20% of Brazilian cars are able to use 100% ethanol as fuel, which includes ethanol-only engines and engines. Flex-fuel engines in Brazil are able to work with all ethanol, all gasoline or any mixture of both. In the US flex-fuel vehicles can run on 0% to 85% ethanol (15% gasoline) since higher ethanol blends are not yet allowed or efficient.

Brazil supports this fleet of ethanol-burning automobiles with large national infrastructure that produces ethanol from domestically grown. Not only has a greater concentration of sucrose than corn (by about 30%), but is also much easier to extract. The generated by the process is not wasted, but is used in power plants to produce electricity. In the United States, the ethanol fuel industry is based largely on. According to the Renewable Fuels Association, as of 30 October 2007, 131 grain ethanol bio-refineries in the United States have the capacity to produce 7.0 billion US gallons (26,000,000 m 3) of ethanol per year. An additional 72 construction projects underway (in the U.S.) can add 6.4 billion US gallons (24,000,000 m 3) of new capacity in the next 18 months.

Over time, it is believed that a material portion of the ≈150-billion-US-gallon (570,000,000 m 3) per year market for gasoline will begin to be replaced with fuel ethanol.is another potential source of ethanol, and is suitable for growing in dryland conditions. The is investigating the possibility of growing sorghum as a source of fuel, food, and animal feed in arid parts of. Has one-third the water requirement of sugarcane over the same time period. It also requires about 22% less water than corn (also known as maize). The world's first sweet sorghum ethanol distillery began commercial production in 2007 in Andhra Pradesh, India.Ethanol's high with water makes it unsuitable for shipping through modern like liquid hydrocarbons. Mechanics have seen increased cases of damage to small engines (in particular, the ) and attribute the damage to the increased water retention by ethanol in fuel. Truck running on in Rocket fuel Ethanol was commonly used as fuel in early (liquid propelled) vehicles, in conjunction with an such as liquid oxygen.

The German A-4 ballistic rocket, better known by its propaganda name of, credited with beginning the space age, used ethanol as the main constituent of, under such nomenclature the ethanol was mixed with 25% of water to reduce the combustion chamber temperature. The V-2's design team helped develop U.S. Rockets following World War II, including the ethanol-fueled which launched the first U.S. Alcohols fell into general disuse as more efficient rocket fuels were developed. Fuel cells Commercial fuel cells operate on reformed natural gas,.

Ethanol is an attractive alternative due to its wide availability, low cost, high purity and low toxicity. There are a wide range of fuel cell concepts that have been trialled including, auto-thermal reforming systems and thermally integrated systems. The majority of work is being conducted at a research level although there are a number of organizations at the beginning of commercialization of ethanol fuel cells. Household heating Ethanol fireplaces can be used for home heating or for decoration. Feedstock.

Further information:Ethanol is an important industrial ingredient. It has widespread use as a precursor for other organic compounds such as ethyl, ethyl, diethyl ether, acetic acid, and ethyl.Solvent Ethanol is considered a universal, as its structure allows for the dissolving of both, and, compounds. As ethanol also has a low, it is easy to remove from a solution that has been used to dissolve other compounds, making it a popular extracting agent for botanical oils. Oil extraction methods often use ethanol as an extraction, and also as a post-processing solvent to remove oils, waxes, and from solution in a process known as.Ethanol is found in, markers, and personal care products such as mouthwashes, perfumes and deodorants.

However, from aqueous solution in the presence of alcohol, and ethanol precipitation is used for this reason in the purification of and.Low-temperature liquid Because of its low freezing point (−114.14 °C) and low toxicity, ethanol is sometimes used in laboratories (with or other coolants) as a to keep vessels at temperatures below the freezing point of water. For the same reason, it is also used as the active fluid in.Chemistry. Ethanol burning with its spectrum depictedEthanol is a volatile, colorless liquid that has a slight odor.

It burns with a smokeless blue flame that is not always visible in normal light. The physical properties of ethanol stem primarily from the presence of its group and the shortness of its carbon chain. Ethanol's hydroxyl group is able to participate in hydrogen bonding, rendering it more viscous and less volatile than less polar organic compounds of similar molecular weight, such as.Ethanol is slightly more refractive than water, having a of 1.36242 (at λ=589.3 nm and 18.35 °C or 65.03 °F). The for ethanol is 150 at a pressure of 4.3 × 10 −4. Solvent properties Ethanol is a versatile solvent, with water and with many organic solvents, including,.

It is also miscible with light aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as and, and with aliphatic chlorides such as and.Ethanol's miscibility with water contrasts with the immiscibility of longer-chain alcohols (five or more carbon atoms), whose water miscibility decreases sharply as the number of carbons increases. The miscibility of ethanol with is limited to alkanes up to: mixtures with and higher alkanes show a below a certain temperature (about 13 °C for dodecane ). The miscibility gap tends to get wider with higher alkanes, and the temperature for complete miscibility increases.Ethanol-water mixtures have less volume than the sum of their individual components at the given fractions. Mixing equal volumes of ethanol and water results in only 1.92 volumes of mixture. Mixing ethanol and water is, with up to 777 J/mol being released at 298 K.Mixtures of ethanol and water form an at about 89 mole-% ethanol and 11 mole-% water or a mixture of 95.6 percent ethanol by mass (or about 97% ) at normal pressure, which boils at 351K (78 °C). This azeotropic composition is strongly temperature- and pressure-dependent and vanishes at temperatures below 303 K.

Hydrogen bonding in solid ethanol at −186 °CHydrogen bonding causes pure ethanol to be to the extent that it readily absorbs water from the air. The polar nature of the hydroxyl group causes ethanol to dissolve many ionic compounds, notably and,.

And are slightly soluble in ethanol. Because the ethanol molecule also has a nonpolar end, it will also dissolve nonpolar substances, including most and numerous flavoring, coloring, and medicinal agents.The addition of even a few percent of ethanol to water sharply reduces the of water. This property partially explains the ' phenomenon. When wine is swirled in a glass, ethanol evaporates quickly from the thin film of wine on the wall of the glass. As the wine's ethanol content decreases, its surface tension increases and the thin film 'beads up' and runs down the glass in channels rather than as a smooth sheet.Flammability An ethanol–water solution will catch fire if heated above a temperature called its and an ignition source is then applied to it.

For 20% alcohol by mass (about 25% by volume), this will occur at about 25 °C (77 °F). The flash point of pure ethanol is 13 °C (55 °F), but may be influenced very slightly by atmospheric composition such as pressure and humidity. Ethanol mixtures can ignite below average room temperature. Ethanol is considered a flammable liquid (Class 3 Hazardous Material) in concentrations above 2.35% by mass (3.0% by volume; 6 ). Flash points of ethanol–water mixtures Ethanol,%Temperature°C°F184.512.51639.51754021.971.4.964.2.810012.554.5Dishes using burning alcohol for culinary effects are called.Natural occurrence Ethanol is a byproduct of the of yeast. As such, ethanol will be present in any yeast habitat.

Ethanol can commonly be found in overripe fruit. Ethanol produced by symbiotic yeast can be found in blossoms. Although some animal species, such as the, exhibit ethanol-seeking behaviors, most show no interest or avoidance of food sources containing ethanol. Ethanol is also produced during the germination of many plants as a result of natural. Ethanol has been detected in, forming an icy coating around dust grains in.Minute quantity amounts (average 196 ) of endogenous ethanol and acetaldehyde were found in the exhaled breath of healthy volunteers., also known as gut fermentation syndrome, is a rare medical condition in which quantities of ethanol are produced through within the. Production.

94% denatured ethanol sold in a bottle for household useEthanol is produced both as a, through the hydration of ethylene and, via biological processes, by sugars with. Which process is more economical depends on prevailing prices of petroleum and grain feed stocks. In the 1970s most industrial ethanol in the United States was made as a petrochemical, but in the 1980s the United States introduced subsidies for corn-based ethanol and today it is almost all made from that source. Ethylene hydration Ethanol for use as an industrial feedstock or solvent (sometimes referred to as synthetic ethanol) is made from feed stocks, primarily by the - hydration of ethylene:+ H2O → CH3CH2OHThe catalyst is most commonly, onto a porous support such as. This catalyst was first used for large-scale ethanol production by the in 1947.

The reaction is carried out in the presence of high pressure steam at 300 °C (572 °F) where a 5:3 ethylene to steam ratio is maintained. In the U.S., this process was used on an industrial scale by and others, but now only uses it commercially.In an older process, first practiced on the industrial scale in 1930 by Union Carbide, but now almost entirely obsolete, ethylene was hydrated indirectly by reacting it with concentrated to produce, which was to yield ethanol and regenerate the sulfuric acid: C2H4 + → + → CH3C H2OH + From CO 2 CO 2 can also be used as the.CO 2 can be reduced by hydrogen to produce ethanol, and smaller amounts of and using, or.CO 2 can be converted using reactions at room temperature and pressure. In a system developed at, a copper array used as a cathode adsorbs molecules of carbon dioxide and reduced intermediate species such as and COH. However, even in the best results about half the current went into producing hydrogen and only a small amount of ethanol was produced. Other products, produced in larger quantities, were (in decreasing order), CO,. From lipids. See also:Ethanol in and fuel is produced by fermentation.

Certain species of (e.g., ), producing ethanol and carbon dioxide. The chemical equations below summarize the conversion:→ 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO 2 + H2O → 4 CH3CH2OH + 4 CO 2Fermentation is the process of culturing yeast under favorable thermal conditions to produce alcohol. This process is carried out at around 35–40 °C (95–104 °F). Toxicity of ethanol to yeast limits the ethanol concentration obtainable by brewing; higher concentrations, therefore, are obtained. The most ethanol-tolerant yeast strains can survive up to approximately 18% ethanol by volume.To produce ethanol from starchy materials such as, the must first be converted into sugars. In brewing, this has traditionally been accomplished by allowing the grain to germinate, or, which produces the. When the malted grain is, the amylase converts the remaining starches into sugars.Cellulose.

Of liquid ethanolBreweries and plants employ two methods for measuring ethanol concentration. Infrared ethanol sensors measure the vibrational frequency of dissolved ethanol using the C−H band at 2900 cm −1. This method uses a relatively inexpensive solid-state sensor that compares the C−H band with a reference band to calculate the ethanol content. The calculation makes use of the. Alternatively, by measuring the density of the starting material and the density of the product, using a, the change in specific gravity during fermentation indicates the alcohol content. This inexpensive and indirect method has a long history in the beer brewing industry.Purification Distillation Ethylene hydration or brewing produces an ethanol–water mixture. For most industrial and fuel uses, the ethanol must be purified.

At atmospheric pressure can concentrate ethanol to 95.6% by weight (89.5 mole%). This mixture is an with a boiling point of 78.1 °C (172.6 °F), and cannot be further purified by distillation. Addition of an entraining agent, such as, or, allows a new ternary azeotrope comprising the ethanol, water, and the entraining agent to be formed. This lower-boiling ternary azeotrope is removed preferentially, leading to water-free ethanol.At pressures less than atmospheric pressure, the composition of the ethanol-water azeotrope shifts to more ethanol-rich mixtures, and at pressures less than 70 (9.333 kPa), there is no azeotrope, and it is possible to distill absolute ethanol from an ethanol-water mixture.

While vacuum distillation of ethanol is not presently economical, pressure-swing distillation is a topic of current research. In this technique, a reduced-pressure distillation first yields an ethanol-water mixture of more than 95.6% ethanol. Then, fractional distillation of this mixture at atmospheric pressure distills off the 95.6% azeotrope, leaving anhydrous ethanol at the bottom. Molecular sieves and desiccants. Flick home run balls recipe. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( December 2015) Apart from distillation, ethanol may be dried by addition of a, such as,. The desiccants can be dried and reused.

Can be used to selectively absorb the water from the 95.6% ethanol solution. Synthetic in pellet form can be used, as well as a variety of plant-derived absorbents, including,. The zeolite bed can be regenerated essentially an unlimited number of times by drying it with a blast of hot.

Cornmeal and other plant-derived absorbents cannot readily be regenerated, but where ethanol is made from grain, they are often available at low cost. Absolute ethanol produced this way has no residual benzene, and can be used to fortify port and sherry in traditional winery operations.Membranes and reverse osmosis Membranes can also be used to separate ethanol and water. Membrane-based separations are not subject to the limitations of the water-ethanol azeotrope because the separations are not based on vapor-liquid equilibria. Membranes are often used in the so-called hybrid membrane distillation process. This process uses a pre-concentration distillation column as first separating step. The further separation is then accomplished with a membrane operated either in vapor permeation or pervaporation mode.

Vapor permeation uses a vapor membrane feed and pervaporation uses a liquid membrane feed.Other techniques A variety of other techniques have been discussed, including the following:. Salting using to exploit its insolubility will cause a phase separation with ethanol and water. This offers a very small potassium carbonate impurity to the alcohol that can be removed by distillation. This method is very useful in purification of ethanol by distillation, as ethanol forms an with water. Direct to ethanol under ambient conditions using on a carbon nanospike film as the catalyst;. Extraction of ethanol from grain mash by;.;.

is also used to concentrate fermented alcoholic solutions, such as traditionally made;.Grades of ethanol Denatured alcohol. Main article:Pure ethanol and alcoholic beverages are heavily as psychoactive drugs, but ethanol has many uses that do not involve its consumption. To relieve the tax burden on these uses, most jurisdictions waive the tax when an agent has been added to the ethanol to render it unfit to drink. These include such as and toxins such as,.

Products of this kind are called denatured alcohol. Absolute alcohol Absolute or anhydrous alcohol refers to ethanol with a low water content. There are various grades with maximum water contents ranging from 1% to a few parts per million (ppm) levels.

If is used to remove water, it will contain trace amounts of the material separation agent (e.g. Absolute alcohol is not intended for human consumption. Absolute ethanol is used as a solvent for laboratory and industrial applications, where water will react with other chemicals, and as fuel alcohol. Spectroscopic ethanol is an absolute ethanol with a low absorbance in and visible light, fit for use as a solvent in.Pure ethanol is classed as 200 in the U.S., equivalent to 175 degrees proof in the UK system. Rectified spirits Rectified spirit, an azeotropic composition of 96% ethanol containing 4% water, is used instead of anhydrous ethanol for various purposes. Spirits of wine are about 94% ethanol (188 ). The impurities are different from those in 95% (190 proof) laboratory ethanol.

Reactions. Further information:Ethanol is classified as a primary alcohol, meaning that the carbon that its hydroxyl group attaches to has at least two hydrogen atoms attached to it as well. Many ethanol reactions occur at its group.Ester formation In the presence of acid catalysts, ethanol reacts with to produce ethyl and water:+ HOCH 2CH 3 → + H 2OThis reaction, which is conducted on large scale industrially, requires the removal of the water from the reaction mixture as it is formed. Esters react in the presence of an acid or base to give back the alcohol and a salt. This reaction is known as because it is used in the preparation of soap. Ethanol can also form esters with inorganic acids. And are prepared by treating ethanol with sulfur trioxide and respectively.

Is a useful ethylating agent in., prepared from the reaction of ethanol with and sulfuric acid, was formerly used as a.Dehydration In the presence of acid catalysts, ethanol converts to. Further information:The of sugar into ethanol is one of the earliest employed by humans. The intoxicating effects of ethanol consumption have been known since ancient times. Ethanol has been used by humans since prehistory as the intoxicating ingredient of.

Dried residue on 9,000-year-old pottery found in China suggests that people consumed alcoholic beverages.The used the process extensively, and applied it to the. The Arab chemist unambiguously described the distillation of wine in the 9th century. The process later spread from the to Italy. Production of alcohol from distilled wine was later recorded by the alchemists in the 12th century.

Mention of absolute alcohol, in contrast with alcohol-water mixtures, was later made by in the 14th century.In, archaeological evidence indicates that the true distillation of alcohol began during the 12th century or dynasties. A has been found at an archaeological site in Qinglong, dating to the 12th century. In, the true distillation of alcohol was introduced from the Middle East, and was in wide use in the by the 14th century.In 1796, German-Russian chemist Johann Tobias Lowitz obtained pure ethanol by mixing partially purified ethanol (the alcohol-water azeotrope) with an excess of anhydrous alkali and then distilling the mixture over low heat. French chemist described ethanol as a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and in 1807 determined ethanol's chemical formula. Fifty years later, published the structural formula of ethanol. It was one of the first structural formulas determined.Ethanol was first prepared synthetically in 1825. He found that sulfuric acid could absorb large volumes of.

He gave the resulting solution to, a British chemist, who found in 1826 that it contained 'sulphovinic acid'. In 1828, Hennell and the French chemist independently discovered that sulphovinic acid could be decomposed into ethanol. Thus, in 1825 Faraday had unwittingly discovered that ethanol could be produced from (a component of coal gas) by hydration, a process similar to current industrial ethanol synthesis.Ethanol was used as lamp fuel in the United States as early as 1840, but a tax levied on industrial alcohol during the made this use uneconomical. The tax was repealed in 1906. Use as an automotive fuel dates back to 1908, with the able to run on (gasoline) or ethanol.

It fuels some.Ethanol intended for industrial use is often produced from. Ethanol has widespread use as a solvent of substances intended for human contact or consumption, including scents, flavorings, colorings, and medicines. In chemistry, it is both a solvent and a feedstock for the synthesis of other products.

It has a long history as a fuel for heat and light, and more recently as a fuel for.See also. Boyce JM, Pittet D (2003)., United States:. Onuki S, Koziel JA, van Leeuwen J, Jenks WS, Grewell D, Cai L (June 2008). 2008 ASABE Annual International Meeting. Providence, RI. Retrieved 16 February 2013.

Sci-toys.External links Look up or in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Wikimedia Commons has media related to. at (University of Nottingham). ethanol safety information. chemical data on ethanol.

news and market data on ethanol futures. Calculation of, of ethanol. A look into the history of ethanol.